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Apostolic see
In Christianity, an apostolic see is any episcopal see whose foundation is attributed to one or more of the apostles of Jesus.
The fourth canon of the First Council of Nicaea of 325 attributed to the bishop of the capital (metropolis) of each Roman province (the "metropolitan bishop") a position of authority among the bishops of the province, without reference to the founding figure of that bishop's see.〔(Canons of the First Council of Nicaea )〕 Its sixth canon recognized the wider authority, extending beyond a single province, traditionally held by Rome and Alexandria, and the prerogatives of the churches in Antioch and the other provinces.〔 Of Aelia, the Roman city built on the site of the destroyed city of Jerusalem, the council's seventh canon reads: "Since custom and ancient tradition have prevailed that the Bishop of Aelia should be honoured, let him, saving its due dignity to the Metropolis, have the next place of honour."〔 The metropolis in question is generally taken to be Caesarea Maritima,〔(Brian E. Daley, "Position and Patronage in the Early Church" in Everett Ferguson, ''Norms of Faith and Life'' (Taylor & Francis 1999 ISBN 978-0-81533070-7), p. 207 )〕〔(Jonathan Z. Smith, ''To Take Place'' ((University of Chicago Press 1992 ISBN 978-0-22676361-3), p. 78 )〕〔(Ian Gilman, Hans-Joachim Klimkeit, ''Christians in Asia before 1500'' (Routledge 2013 ISBN 978-1-13610978-2), p. 28 )〕〔( Lucy Grig, Gavin Kelly, ''Two Romes'' (Oxford University Press 2012 ISBN 978-0-19973940-0), p. 354 )〕 though in the late 19th century Philip Schaff also mentioned other views.〔(Schaff's ''Seven Ecumenical Councils'': First Nicaea: Canon VII ): "It is very hard to determine just what was the 'precedence' granted to the Bishop of Ælia, nor is it clear which is the metropolis referred to in the last clause. Most writers, including Hefele, Balsamon, Aristenus and Beveridge consider it to be Cæsarea; while Zonaras thinks Jerusalem to be intended, a view recently adopted and defended by Fuchs; others again suppose it is Antioch that is referred to."〕
==Pentarchy==
(詳細はConstantinople, a city which was only officially founded five years later, at which point it became the capital of the Empire.〔(Robin W. Winks, World Civilization: A Brief History (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 1993 ISBN 978-0-939693-28-3), p. 120 )〕〔(Timelines: Southeast Europe )〕〔(Catholic Encyclopedia, article ''Constantinople'' )〕〔Commemorative coins that were issued during the 330s already refer to the city as ''Constantinopolis'' (see e.g. Michael Grant, ''The climax of Rome'' (London 1968), p. 133), or "Constantine's City". According to the ''Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum'', vol. 164 (Stuttgart 2005), column 442, there is no evidence for the tradition that Constantine officially dubbed the city "New Rome" (''Nova Roma''). It is possible that the emperor called the city "Second Rome" ((ギリシア語:Δευτέρα Ῥώμη), ''Deutéra Rhōmē'') by official decree, as reported by the 5th-century church historian Socrates of Constantinople: see Names of Constantinople.〕 But the First Council of Constantinople (381) decreed in a canon of disputed validity: "The Bishop of Constantinople, however, shall have the prerogative of honour after the Bishop of Rome; because Constantinople is New Rome."〔(Canon 3 )〕 A century after the Council of Chalcedon (451) and the ensuing schism between those who accepted it and those who rejected it, Eastern Orthodox Christianity wove these two sources together to develop the theory of the Pentarchy: "()ormulated in the legislation of the emperor Justinian I (527–565), especially in his Novella 131, the theory received formal ecclesiastical sanction at the Council in Trullo (692), which ranked the five sees as Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem."〔(Encyclopaedia Britannica: ''Pentarchy'' )〕 Earlier, the Council of Ephesus decreed in 431 that the Church of Cyprus should be autocephalous, against the claims of Antioch, the capital of the Roman diocese of the East, of which Cyprus was part.〔(Ronald G. Roberson, "The Orthodox Church of Cyprus" )〕
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